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Atlanta, GA | Posted: May 18, 2022
New research from Associate Professor Shatakshee Dhongde in Georgia Tech’s School of Economics finds that people living in California, Texas, and Florida were more likely than other U.S. residents to experience multiple forms of deprivation over the last decade, such as lack of access to healthcare or affordable housing. These multiple deprivations combined to push many into a state of poverty that has not been picked up in official income-based measures.
According to the new research, more than twice as many U.S. residents would qualify as poor under the multidimensional deprivation model compared to the income threshold used by the U.S. government.
The multidimensional deprivation model measures six factors that are not income-based — such as lack of access to education — to better understand the many conditions the poor and near-poor face in the United States. Dhongde’s latest paper, written with co-author Robert Haveman at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, examines multidimensional poverty across all 50 states. It finds that California, Texas, and Florida residents were more than four times more likely to experience multiple deprivations over the last decade than those living in Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, or Vermont.
Dhongde said the paper is the first to break down multidimensional poverty on a state-by-state basis over more than a decade and to estimate multidimensional poverty across all 50 states each year, which is important because there was much variation across the country in how the Great Recession and subsequent recovery affected the multidimensional poor.
“This research deepens our understanding on a state-by-state basis of how poverty isn’t just about money but is very much shaped by these significant conditions that are not always directly linked to income,” Dhongde said. “While a host of factors may explain the state-by-state variations, one reason why California, Texas, and Florida stand out is because of their large Hispanic populations, a group our research shows is much more likely to experience multiple deprivations than other ethnic groups.”
Analyzing data from 2008 to 2019, the researchers found that multidimensional poverty increased across the United States during the Great Recession from 2008 to 2010 and gradually declined through 2019.
The analysis showed that poverty among adults aged 18 to 65 was most widespread in the South and West. At the peak of the Great Recession in 2010, 20% of adults in Florida — more than two million people, according to U.S. Census reports — were experiencing at least two measures of deprivation. In Texas, 22% of adults, totaling nearly 3.5 million people, were multidimensionally poor. However, the highest rate of multidimensional poverty was in California, where more than 5.5 million adults — nearly one in every four — were multidimensionally poor in 2010.
In the North, New York stood out as an exception with a high rate of multidimensional poverty. At the same time, states such as Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Vermont had some of the lowest multidimensional poverty rates, at 5% to 6% of the population.
According to the researchers, the high multidimensional poverty rates in California, Texas, and Florida are partially explained by large Hispanic populations. Hispanics living in the United States are significantly more likely to experience two or more measures of poverty than other demographic groups, Dhongde and Haveman found. On average, they wrote, white people in the United States had the lowest multidimensional poverty rate at 10.4%, Black people and Asians had moderate rates at 14.8 and 16.5%, respectively, and Hispanics experienced the highest multidimensional poverty rates at 34.7%.
Surprisingly, the researchers found that having an income below the poverty line and experiencing multidimensional poverty (living with at least two of the six alternative deprivations) did not significantly overlap. 13% of adults in the United States were multidimensional poor during the period studied, but only 5.5% were also living below the poverty line.
Of the six deprivations studied, most multidimensional poor lacked health insurance and a high school education. They also faced a severe housing cost burden. “This underscores our argument that income poverty often fails to capture deprivation in other dimensions affecting the quality of life,” Dhongde and Haveman wrote.
Less surprisingly, “among individuals who were not income poor, deprivation was highest when individuals had incomes just above the poverty threshold,” the researchers found. They recommend expanding policies to help individuals living just above the poverty line as well as those below it to help reduce multidimensional poverty in the U.S.
The researchers also noted that immigrants were four times more likely to be multidimensionally poor than those born in the United States, and that multidimensional poverty rates were highest among children and young adults, single-parent families, and immigrants. Dhongde and Haveman speculate that these population groups are also the most likely to be socially and economically affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.
“In coming years, as the country recovers from the pandemic, it will be even more important to monitor multidimensional poverty in conjunction with income poverty in order to get a better idea of the impact on the quality of life experienced by a country’s population,” they wrote.
Spatial and Temporal Trends in Multidimensional Poverty in the United States over the Last Decade builds on Dhongde’s previous body of literature, including studies on multidimensional poverty during the Covid pandemic, during the Great Recession, among senior citizens, and across racial and ethnic groups. Her work on the topic has been featured on NPR, in US News and World Report, Public Health Post, How Stuff Works, and many other outlets.
